The LENAPE LEGEND

The LENAPE LEGEND

AD 1866

In 1866, Daniel G Bighton wrote in 'Myths of the New World,' "The Algonquins with one voice called those of their tribes living nearest the rising sun, Abnakis, meaning our ancestors at the east or dawn; literally our white ancestors."

(The Abnakis and Their History,' 

page 29, New York, 1866;

Bighton, Daniel G.

Myths of the New World, 

page 188.)

Professor Roger McLeod of Lowell University in Massachusetts has studied the languages of the tribes along the eastern seaboard of the United States and compiled a huge dictionary of Norse and Gaelic words which have been assimilated into these languages. 

(Vision of Albion,

posted by Adi Sinclair Livni)

'The Rediscovery of America,' by Arlington Mallery also notes the similarity between Norse and the languages of the Algonquin tribes along the Atlantic coast.

.

Furthermore, in the 17th century, English settlers in North America wrote home telling about native Americans with white skin and blonde hair. 

(All That Remains, Robert L. Pyle, pp 66) 

These people were subsequently absorbed into the new European population. 

(Myron Paine,frozen trail.org)

Eleonora Jonsson, 

(Norah4History), 

having researched old maps and translated little known documents from the original Latin, Old Norse and Old Swedish, comments:

"Well, the Natives and the Swedes intermarried over the five hundred years they lived close from up Hudson River where Swedes and Dutch had a trade station all way down to the border of Florida, along the coast from Nova Scotia down to South Carolina Swedes, Scots and Basques settled and traded.

.

There are five Kalmar Union Flags (Norway, Denmark and Sweden) marked on early French maps of North America, revealing that Greenlanders, Norwegians, Swedes, Dutch, Scots and Danes had at least five settlements operating under the Kalmar Union Flag in Labrador from Hudson Bay to the Atlantic Ocean.

.

The sites included “Krossnes,” in West Virginia, “Nova Dania,” in Manitoba Rhode Island, Greater Hibernia (New Ireland), and at Moorhead in Western Minnesota (known as “New Land” in Grenlands Historiske Mindesmarker.

(Jonsson), 

 “Wynland of the West”, and the “Vinlandia Promontorium.” 

(Paine)

(Hilgren, after the Yale Vinland Map)

The Danes and some of the Norse working for the Greenlanders traded furs, falcons and Eagles from Natives via a harbor south of Greenland where also Ivory, dried cod and hard cheese in salt water were sent over the Ocean."

(Eleonora Jonsson)

 Eleonora Jonsson also mentions, in “Proof of early contacts Greenland-North America.” 

Markland and Vinland”mentioned by Olaus Magnus 

(1490-1557) (Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus) 

and Nicholas Bergthorsson in Leidarvisir och borgaskipan written in first half 1100’s. 

One copy was given to the Pope 1134) ”… North of Germany is Denmark. Ocean extending into the Baltic Sea, near Denmark. Sweden is east of Denmark and Norway in the north. North of Norway’s Finnmark. … Beyond Greenland, southward, there Helluland and beyond it Markland, from there it is not far to Vinland. which some people think stretching all the way to Africa. England and Scotland is an island but is separate kingdoms. Iceland is a large island to the north of Ireland …. ”

and

“From Biarmaland northward all the way until you reach Greenland. South of Greenland lies Helluland, then Markland , then it is not far to Vinland the Good. Which some believe extends to Africa. and if that’s true, the sea must extend between Vinland and Markland..…”

Proof of early contacts

Greenland-North America, 

© Johansson Inger E, Gothenburg

September 1013 

“Sea between"

Mentioned in Tommaso Marani: “Leiðarvísir. Its Genre and Sources, with Particular Reference to

the Description of Rome,”

(Diss Durham University 2012);

Jón Jóhannesson: 

“A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth,”

(Univ. of Manitoba Press, 1974)

and Finnur Jónsson:

“Den islandske litteraturs historie
tilligemed den old norske.”

He is also mentioned in
“Den islandske litteraturens historia,”

archive.org(Eleonora Jonsson)

The diocese 

Krossnes (Eng. Crossnes) is mentioned in documents regarding tithes collected by Ivar Bardarsson from Greenland’s Gardar [See] and the dioceses under Gardar, among them Krossnes, [in America]

delivered in 1364 to the Papal delegate visiting Bergen.

.

 [Mentioned in Finnur Jónsson’s comments
to Ivar Bardarsson’s: 

“Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse

 af Ívar Bárðarson 

(Ivar Bårdssön), ed. Finnur Jónsson København, 1930.]

Eleonora Jonsson also mentions Pinning’s and Pothurst’s 1470’s expedition to Greenland to recover an Annual from a monestry in the Middle Settlement. After recovering the Annual, sailing along the coast past the Eastern Settlement, they were attacked by Inuit and had to flee, spending the Winter on a landfall southwest of Greenland. (Most probably in Newfoundland).

Investigations have revealed that Columbus’s navigator and his brother were on board. (“Some indications in text indicate that Columbus himself might have participated.’) 

('Norah4History’).

One source for this is the Gemma Frisius world globe of 1537: 

“Quij pouli ad quos Johannes Scovvus, danus, Pervenit, Ann. 1476.”

.

This globe not only delineates Hudson Bay, seventy years before Henry Hudson was born but also shows the Nelson River. (Which Myron Paine writes is the route the Greenland Norse took to reach Lake Winnipeg and the Red River on their journey inland to the American heartlands).

.

Jonsson writes that an early version of the map (The original source map, by English cartographer Nicholas of Lynne), was delivered by Ivar Bardarsson to the Norwegian King Hakon, son of the Swedish King Magnus Eriksson in 1364 together with the church tithes he had collected in Greenland and America.

.

Interestingly, this map also marks the location of the Danish settlement of Nova Dania near the Nelson River in Manitoba

 Province, Canada. (This map still exists and can be found in the Linköping’s Science Library).

.

Jonsson continues: In “1560 the son of Gustav Wasa ordered a globe to be made [for] his coronation. That globe has an almost correct map, unfortunatly the engraver graved NA mirror-wise. It’s one of Sweden’s Crown Jewels…

.

On the ‘Riksäpplet’ engraved in 1560’s 

[for] King Erik XIV:s coronation…

There is the ultimate proof of contacts between not only Norway but Sweden before most of U.S. had seen any of all the known Explorers.

.

In 1560 while most land of U.S. (and Canada) wasn’t explored and hadn’t seen any European settlers at all, King Erik XIV, son of Gustav Vasa, ordered from Flandern one of our most prestigeos Royal Crown Jewels: King Erik’s ‘Riksapple’.

.

King Erik XIV said in his official statement on inheriting the Swedish throne, that he [Erik] was entitled to claim all the Northern Hemisphere. If the Flandern etcher who got the Swedish maps of the world, among the maps one of North America, had not mirrored North America the World would have known that Sweden had the ultimate proof of early explorers of North America due to carthographers back before Columbus had carthographed all land from Florida to California and up today’s U.S. to the Canadian territories. All it takes is a mirror or mirroring North America from a photo of our Swedish Royal Crown Jewel King Erik’s ‘Riksapple‘.

.

 By the way. If you hold a photo showing North America in front of a mirror you will find that Mississippi river was known here in Sweden in 1560.”

.

Furthermore, Jonsson quotes from the Swedish geographer and historian Olaus Magnus: “In 1505 I saw two such leaderboats [Inuit kayaks] above the Eastern portal in the Oslo Cathedral, sanctified to Saint Halvord, where they were fastened on the wall for everyone to look at. It’s told that King Hakon[son of King Magnus Eriksson] acquired them, when he with an armed battle fleet[!!!] passed Greenland’s coast,….”

.

(Olaus Magnus: “Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus,” Romæ 1555

translated by Peter Fisher

 and Humphrey Higgens ; 

edited by Peter Foote London

Hakluyt Society 1996-1998 3 volumes).

Jonsson also mentions sources stating that established European trees had been found in America. Evidence found in tree rings reveals these trees to be predating sixteenth century European settlement. 

(Linneaus: “Virtuella Floran,” Norwegian Maple, (Acer platanoides) 

and (“The America of 1750 : Peter Kalm’s travels
in North America.”

Eleonora Jonsson’s sources:

Bull of Pope Anastasius IV

Diplomatarium  Danicum, serie 1, II, no 1

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 10 nr 9

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 4 nr 128

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 7 nr 103

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 9 nr 84

Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 1 nr 66 and 67.

Diplomatarium Norvegicum bind 1 nr 71

Diplomatarium Norvegicum bind 6 nr 36.

Icelandic Annals 1342 written down in 1637 by Bishop Gisle Odds

Ivar Bardarsson, Det gamle Grønlands

beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson

 (Ivar Bårdssön), 

ed. Finnur Jónsson (København, 1930).

Nicholars of Thingeyres

documents to the Papal See

Ordericus Vitalis, Historiske besetninger om Normanner og Angelsaxere fra Orderik Vitals kirkehistorie I-III.

Edited in 1889 Works:

Arneborg J, Norbverne i Grönland 1988

Jansen Henrik M,A critical account of the written and archaeological sources’ evidence concerning the Norse settlements in Greenland, Meddelelser om Grönland 182:4, 1972

Mason Ronaldy, Great Lakes Archaeology, NY 1981

McGovern Thomas H., Bones, Building and Boundaries: Palaeoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland

Rousell A, Farms and churches in the Medieval Norse settlement of Greenland, Meddelelser of Grönland 86(1).

The Roman Church in Norse Greenland, editor G F Bigelow, ”The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61(1991) page 142-150 Köpenhamn.]

Dr. Myron Paine has also provided another tantalizing piece of information : 'Charles Earl Funk in the foreword to Sherwin's 'The Viking and the Red Men' (February 1940): "A tribe of 'white Indians,' some with 'fair hair and gray eyes,' said to be still inhabiting the west shore of James Bay and speaking a Cree dialect, has also been advanced as such an indication" of Norse settlement)'

(Sherwin, 1940)

Paine also writes that Old Norse names began appearing in documents when the Hudson's Bay Company arrived in Eastman Land, (the name the Greenland Norse called America) which lay on either side of the Sludd River. Sludd means sleet in Old Norse.

The British changed the name to Eastmain River.

.

Dr. Paine states that there are twenty two rivers which flow into James Bay : Nine of these have distinctively Norse names.

.

Furthermore, Paine cites genetic evidence from researcher Gene Parks, who has found that the Shawnee, (and thus Lenape and at least 23 other tribes) have Norse admixture in their DNA.

.

He continues: 'Over half of the male DNA in Iceland is Haplo groups had R1A & R1B. Greenland [meaning Inuit] still has 58.6% of the males with European DNA, mostly R1A and R1B, making the telling point that any genetic surveys of North American native Americans that reveal European DNA have been, up until the beginning of the 21st century, thrown out because they were presumed to have been contaminated by post Columbus European DNA.'

(frozentrail.org)

Wallace 'discovoured 'a set of genetic markers found only in the Ojibwe and other tribes living near the Great Lakes; the markers are not found in any other native Americans or in Asia'.

"We just don't know how it got there," Wallace says, "but it is clearly related to the European population."

.

"The simple answer would be the DNA arrived with the European colonists, but the strain is different enough from the existing European lineage that it must have left the Old World long before Columbus.”.

.

Research by Elena Borch, et al, states: "High Level of male-based Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-Chromosome analysis, 2003. Borch notes that she could not distinguish between the Y chromosome of the Inuit and the male populations of 17 northern European countries.

(Elena Borch, et al, High Level of male-based Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-Chromosome anaylsis, 2003).

(Regarding the Albans, Welsh researcher Alan Wilson

(Alan Wilson - Cymru Sovereign https://sovereignwales

.com/tag/alan-wilson)

has translated old Welsh sources, claiming that King Arthur 2nd of Britain established a British colony in America in the sixth century:

.

("The popular belief is that Madog ab Owain Gwynedd sailed to North America in 1170 AD.

.

Wilson and Blackett, using DNA profiling and radiocarbon dating on artifacts and human remains found in the U.S. Midwest and Wales, claim that it was a Madog Morfran ap Meurig that first sailed to the continent, even earlier, circa 562-575 AD.

.

Wilson states that an Admiral Gwenon was then sent out to check on Madog’s discoveries before Brenin Arthur ap Meurig (King Arthur II) led the third major fleet migration in 574.")

.

This colony (if it did indeed exist), would have been considered a beacon of refuge for Britons, Picts and Irish escaping persecution by Catholics, (whom had demonstrated an unfortunate habit of burning the clergy of the Irish Church (of St. Columba of Iona) in Britain alive at the stake), the Viking invasions and the later Vatican sanctioned Norman conquest.

.

Early explorers (including Vendrey (? spelling) the first post Columbus European to visit the region) found Mandan Indians, (whom some early colonists claimed spoke pure Welsh), some of whom had blue eyes and yellow hair.

.

(Dr. Myron Paine has also written that he has childhood memories of blue eyed blonde Mandan tribespeople living in North Dakota in the 1930's).

.

The creators of the Carte du Canada map (1708), unknowingly made a map of the region where the migration of the Leni Lenape occurred. Sherwin's massive compilation of linguistic comparisons and Dr. Myron Paine's compelling body of evidence, now reveal the Maarlan Aarum to be the true story of the Leni Lenape.

Dr. Myron Paine states that 90% of the Norse Greenlander's diet was seal meat.

Seals were best hunted on the edge of the ice sheets.

As the weather during the Little Ice Age by the mid fourteenth century was becoming colder. The ice sheets hugging the coasts reached further south, covering Davis Strait.

Each year the hunters would have to journey further and further south for seal meat.

Eventually the only places which remained ice free were the 'open water marvels,' due to the combination of shallow water and strong currents from huge tidal shifts, on the Ungava Peninsula in Canada and in Hudson Straight.

.

Desperate hunters would thus journey there during each winter to provide food for their families.

Dr. Paine states, 'A

 cold climate provided a driving reason for the first trips to get food. As the cold persisted, the possibility of migration became a reality.'

As the Little Ice Age persisted, 'the desperate Norse hunters walked to the open water marvels to get food to take home to their families.

.

As the cold persisted through two generations, the thought of moving the families to the food became compelling.' 

(Dr. Paine).

The migration of the Leni Lenape is one of the great endurance feats of any migration.

It has been called impossible but the Norse were rugged, hardy and desperate.

.

Dr. Paine continues, 'The Frozen Trail was four hundred and fifty five (455) miles from the Northern Settlement to land at Bjarni Island (now called Resolution Island). They had to go another two hundred (200) miles from Bjarni Island to Pamiok on the east coast of Ungava Peninsula.

Good Arctic traveling is about twenty five (25) miles a day, but there is one known case of a man, alone, averaging forty three (43) miles per day."

(Comment: The Norse could have made forty to fifty miles a day by sleeping one third of the people on sleds and pulling through all night and a short day. Using a twenty-five (25) mile/day rate, the trip would have taken less than four (4) weeks. The walk would have been a difficult human endeavor, but achievable).'

(Dr. Myron Paine)

They also knew they had to leave in the middle of winter, when the arctic sun was sitting low on the horizon and providing sunlight for only two hours a day.

This was so the Lenape would have the best chance of arriving in America before the ice began to turn to slush, as spring approached.

The Greenlanders also understood they couldn't leave later and thus expose their women and children to the late winter and early spring mosquito swarms on the Ungava Peninsula, the first mainland landfall on their journey, which would have been fatal for many of them.

 (Dr. MyronPaine)

The choices were to stay in Greenland and risk some of their people dying of starvation by early spring or make a desperate life or death trek across the treacherous pack ice in the middle of a dark Arctic winter to reach America before spring.

.

These hardy, heroic folk were the survivors of the so-called 'lost' Greenland Norse colony.

Thus, the Greenlander descendants of the Vikings, in 1346, on the brink of starvation, abandoned their exhausted, deforested lands and walked in the darkness west, then south and south east, en masse across the frozen expanses, in a quest for survival and a new life in America (Akomen, which means the other side.).

.

The Leni Lenape trekked, pulling whalebone sleds carrying women with babies, toddlers and small children snugly wrapped in furs, with the elderly and whatever portable possessions they had, through the long arctic winter night.

"They journeyed across frozen Davis Straight, then undertook a long haul, pulling sleds by hand across the Ungava Peninsula."

 (frozen trail.org)

They then travelled south down Hudson's Bay, finally arriving at its southern most extremity, at James Bay. They were hungry, dirty, and bitterly cold, some despairing at leaving their homeland, with its snug, turf roofed, stone cottages.

.

"After they left James Bay, they migrated whenever surrounding environmental resources diminished.'" 

(Dr. Myron Paine).

Dr. Myron Paine has charted the progress of the Leni Lemape in their journey into the American interior by matching landmarks, climate, historical incidents and the landscape with descriptions in the Maalan Aarum.

Route of LENAPE Migration

He also traced the line of Lenape place names, which they left along waterways such as the Red River and the Big Sioux Rivers, as the Lenape migration trail reached further and further into the American interior.

.

In the dozen or so years after they had crossed the pack ice to James Bay, up until around 1358, they journeyed over the lands south of Hudson Bay. "Then, by 1362, at Big Stone Lake in (South Dakota) the looked towards the Great Lakes for orientation and commented on "Fish Land" (to the east) for the abundant fishing there."

(frozentrail.org).

A severe drought then set in, followed by hostile tribes heading down the Missouri Valley, so they headed east into southeast Minnesota, on a long trek towards the caves called Niagara and Mystery, where they dwelled until the drought broke.

.

As the rains returned and the land began to replenish, they began a slow migration to the south, along the west bank of the Mississippi, through Iowa and Missouri, to the Missouri River.

.

In about 1445, the Lenape crossed the Mississippi, calling themselves "the Len People."  The French, who found their descendants on the River of the Divine, called them "the Illinois," meaning, in French, "the LEN people."

.

Then they headed east towards Lakes Michigan and Erie. They expanded into Illinois, Indiana and most of Ohio to form the Illinois Confederation.

.

Around 1470, the migrating Lenape separated the southern Lenape (the Shawnee).

.

In the three and a half centuries before the Greenland Lenape migrated, the Shawnee tribes had migrated south reaching, at one point, as far as Mexico.

.

But the Lenape continued east over the Allegheny Mountains, towards the Atlantic coast, as many of the men wanted to bring their families back to the 'big sea,' which they reached by around 1500. 

(Dr. Myron Paine)

Some moved up the Hudson River and renamed themselves the Mahicans (the fish hook people, because the river was drawn lik a fish hook, when the leaders created maps on the sand.)  

.

During over a hundred and fifty years, the Lenape migrated for 4,000 miles and settled lands that extended 1,200 miles along the Atlantic seaboard of the North American coast. 

(Dr Myron Paine)

The region inhabited by the at least 24 tribes descended from the Lenape, reaches, to quote Dr. Myron Paine, "from the Atlantic coast to the purple mountains from Fort Nelson, Manitoba, Canada to Savannah, Georgia."

These regions were the land settled by the Leni Lenape, including the Algonquin (Delaware) tribes 'the Cree, Chippewa (Ojibwe), Ottawa, , Potawatomi, many Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, Abenaki, Micmac, Mohican, Shawnee, Illinois, Blackfoot, Pequot, Cheyenne and others who speak dialects of the Algonquin language.

(Dr. Myron Paine, frozentrail.org)

 Larry Stroud, The Frozen Trail).

.

CALL for ACTION (Dr. Myron Paine)

Thus, Aidon Aakelas has told the story about how  the SHAWNEE and the LENAPE were Catholics, who spoke Norse.

.

They settled most of eastern North America before AD 1500.
.
The Lenape kept a memorized history cued by pictographs.

The many tribes spoke dialects of Old Norse.  But the French guessed wrong by calling the language the "Algonquin" language.  The English promoted the "Algonquin" label because it did not reveal the "Old Norse" origin of the Language.

.

The educated 17th century English knew that when the English invaded, Americans were Catholics, who spoke Norse.

.

The 17th century English made deliberate decisions to call the Americans, "Indians," the language "Algonquin, and to profoundly distort history by using a propaganda method called "suppression by omission."

.

The scheme worked four centuries, because, in the 17th century, the English controlled most of the printing presses, the publishing market, and the training of professors.

.

But, now, you have access to information like the Lost Greenland Viking Colony and the links to more information via LENAPE LAND.

Besides you can invite you and family to look at the links of LENAPE LAND.  Also you can publish to the world with a tap on your mouse.

.

It is your choice. 

.

Do you want to omit the information you have just learned or do you want to tell your family and friends that "When the En  invaded, Americans were Catholics, who spoke Norse?

.

MAKE A GOOD CHOICE!

AD 1866

In 1866 Daniel G Bighton wrote in 'Myths of the New World,' "The Algonquins with one voice called those of their tribes living nearest the rising sun, Abnakis, meaning our ancestors at the east or dawn; literally our white ancestors."

(The Abnakis and Their History,' 

page 29, New York, 1866;

Bighton, Daniel G.

Myths of the New World, 

page 188.)

Professor Roger McLeod of Lowell University in Massachusetts has studied the languages of the tribes along the eastern seaboard of the United States and compiled a huge dictionary of Norse and Gaelic words which have been assimilated into these languages. 

(Vision of Albion,

posted by Adi Sinclair Livni).

'The Rediscovery of America,' by Arlington Mallery also notes the similarity between Norse and the languages of the Algonquin tribes along the Atlantic coast.

.

Furthermore, in the 17th century, English settlers in North America wrote home telling about native Americans with white skin and blonde hair (Robert L. Pyle, 

All That Remains, pp 66). 

These people were subsequently absorbed into the new European population. (Myron Paine,

 frozen trail.org)

Eleonora Jonsson, (Norah4History), having researched old maps and translated little known documents from the original Latin, Old Norse and Old Swedish, comments:

"Well, the Natives and the Swedes intermarried over the five hundred years they lived close from up Hudson River where Swedes and Dutch had a trade station all way down to the border of Florida, along the coast from Nova Scotia down to South Carolina Swedes, Scots and Basques settled and traded.

.

There are five Kalmar Union Flags (Norway, Denmark and Sweden) marked on early French maps of North America, revealing that Greenlanders, Norwegians, Swedes, Dutch, Scots and Danes had at least five settlements operating under the Kalmar Union Flag in Labrador from Hudson Bay to the Atlantic Ocean.

.

The sites included “Krossnes,” in West Virginia, “Nova Dania,” in Manitoba (Jonsson), Rhode Island, Greater Hibernia (New Ireland), and at Moorhead in Western Minnesota (known as “New Land” in Grenlands Historiske Mindesmarker, “Wynland of the West”, (Paine) and the “Vinlandia Promontorium.” 

(Hilgren, after the Yale Vinland Map).

The Danes and some of the Norse working for the Greenlanders traded furs, falcons and Eagles from Natives via a harbor south of Greenland where also Ivory, dried cod and hard cheese in salt water were sent over the Ocean."

(Eleonora Jonsson).

Eleonora Jonsson also mentions, in “Proof of early contacts Greenland-North America.” 

Markland and Vinland”mentioned by Olaus Magnus 

(1490-1557) (Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus) 

and Nicholas Bergthorsson in (Leidarvisir och borgaskipan) written in first half 1100’s. 

One copy was given to the Pope 1134) ”… North of Germany is Denmark. Ocean extending into the Baltic Sea, near Denmark. Sweden is east of Denmark and Norway in the north. North of Norway’s Finnmark. … Beyond Greenland, southward, there Helluland and beyond it Markland, from there it is not far to Vinland. which some people think stretching all the way to Africa. England and Scotland is an island but is separate kingdoms. Iceland is a large island to the north of Ireland …. ”
and
“From Biarmaland northward all the way until you reach Greenland. South of Greenland lies Helluland, then Markland , then it is not far to Vinland the Good. Which some believe extends to Africa. and if that’s true, the sea must extend between Vinland and Markland..…”

Proof of early contacts

Greenland-North America, 

© Johansson Inger E,

Gothenburg

September 1013 

.

“Sea between"

Mentioned in Tommaso Marani: “Leiðarvísir. Its Genre and Sources, with Particular Reference to

the Description of Rome,”

(Diss Durham University 2012);

Jón Jóhannesson: 

“A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth,”

(Univ. of Manitoba Press, 1974)

and

Finnur Jónsson:

“Den islandske litteraturs historie tilligemed den old norske.”

He is also mentioned in “Den islandske litteraturens historia,”

archive.org(Eleonora Jonsson)

The diocese 
Krossnes (Eng. Crossnes) is mentioned in documents regarding tithes collected by Ivar Bardarsson from Greenland’s Gardar [See] and the dioceses under Gardar, among them Krossnes, [in America]
delivered in 1364 to the Papal delegate visiting Bergen.

.

 [Mentioned in Finnur Jónsson’s comments to Ivar Bardarsson’s: 

“Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse

 af Ívar Bárðarson 

(Ivar Bårdssön), ed. Finnur Jónsson København, 1930.]

Eleonora Jonsson also mentions Pinning’s and Pothurst’s 1470’s expedition to Greenland to recover an Annual from a monestry in the Middle Settlement. After recovering the Annual, sailing along the coast past the Eastern Settlement, they were attacked by Inuit and had to flee, spending the Winter on a landfall southwest of Greenland. (Most probably in Newfoundland).

Investigations have revealed that Columbus’s navigator and his brother were on board. (“Some indications in text indicate that Columbus himself might have participated.’) 

('Norah4History’).

One source for this is the Gemma Frisius world globe of 1537: 

“Look at ‘Quij pouli ad quos Johannes Scovvus, danus, Pervenit, Ann. 1476.”

.

This globe not only delineates Hudson Bay, seventy years before Henry Hudson was born but also shows the Nelson River. (Which Myron Paine writes is the route the Greenland Norse took to reach Lake Winnipeg and the Red River on their journey inland to the American heartlands).

.

Jonsson writes that an early version of the map (The original source map, by English cartographer Nicholas of Lynne), was delivered by Ivar Bardarsson to the Norwegian King Hakon, son of the Swedish King Magnus Eriksson in 1364 together with the church tithes he had collected in Greenland and America.
.
Interestingly, this map also marks the location of the Danish settlement of Nova Dania near the Nelson River in Manitoba
 Province, Canada. (This map still exists and can be found in the Linköping’s Science Library).
.
Jonsson continues: In “1560 the son of Gustav Wasa ordered a globe to be made [for] his coronation. That globe has an almost correct map, unfortunatly the engraver graved NA mirror-wise. It’s one of Sweden’s Crown Jewels…..
.

On the ‘Riksäpplet’ engraved in 1560’s 

[for] King Erik XIV:s coronation….. 

There is the ultimate proof of contacts between not only Norway but Sweden before most of U.S. had seen any of all the known Explorers.

.

In 1560 while most land of U.S. (and Canada) wasn’t explored and hadn’t seen any European settlers at all, our King Erik XIV, son of Gustav Vasa, ordered from Flandern one of our most prestigeos Royal Crown Jewels: King Erik’s ‘Riksapple’.

.

King Erik XIV said in his official statement on inheriting the Swedish throne, that he [Erik] was entitled to claim all the Northern Hemisphere. If the Flandern etcher who got the Swedish maps of the world, among the maps one of North America, had not mirrored North America the World would have known that Sweden had the ultimate proof of early explorers of North America due to carthographers back before Columbus had carthographed all land from Florida to California and up today’s U.S. to the Canadian territories. All it takes is a mirror or mirroring North America from a photo of our Swedish Royal Crown Jewel King Erik’s ‘Riksapple‘.
.
 By the way. If you hold a photo showing North America in front of a mirror you will find that Mississippi river was known here in Sweden in 1560.”
.
Furthermore, Jonsson quotes from the Swedish geographer and historian Olaus Magnus: “In 1505 I saw two such leaderboats [Inuit kayaks] above the Eastern portal in the Oslo Cathedral, sanctified to Saint Halvord, where they were fastened on the wall for everyone to look at. It’s told that King Hakon[son of King Magnus Eriksson] acquired them, when he with an armed battle fleet[!!!] passed Greenland’s coast,….”
.

(Olaus Magnus: “Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus,” Romæ 1555

translated by Peter Fisher

 and Humphrey Higgens ; 

edited by Peter Foote London

Hakluyt Society 1996-1998 3 volumes).

Jonsson also mentions sources stating that established European trees had been found in America. Evidence found in tree rings reveals these trees to be predating sixteenth century European settlement. 

(Linneaus: “Virtuella Floran,” Norwegian Maple, (Acer platanoides) 

and (“The America of 1750 : Peter Kalm’s travels

in North America.”

Eleonora Jonsson’s sources:

Bull of Pope Anastasius IV

Diplomatarium  Danicum, serie 1, II, no 1

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 10 nr 9

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 4 nr 128

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 7 nr 103

Diplomatarium Norvegicum band 9 nr 84

Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 1 nr 66 and 67.

Diplomatarium Norvegicum bind 1 nr 71

Diplomatarium Norvegicum bind 6 nr 36.

Icelandic Annals 1342 written down in 1637 by Bishop Gisle Odds

Ivar Bardarsson, Det gamle Grønlands

beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson

 (Ivar Bårdssön), 

ed. Finnur Jónsson (København, 1930).

Nicholars of Thingeyres

documents to the Papal See

Ordericus Vitalis, Historiske besetninger om Normanner og Angelsaxere fra Orderik Vitals kirkehistorie I-III.

Edited in 1889 Works:

Arneborg J, Norbverne i Grönland 1988

Jansen Henrik M,A critical account of the written and archaeological sources’ evidence concerning the Norse settlements in Greenland, Meddelelser om Grönland 182:4, 1972

Mason Ronaldy, Great Lakes Archaeology, NY 1981

McGovern Thomas H., Bones, Building and Boundaries: Palaeoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland

Rousell A, Farms and churches in the Medieval Norse settlement of Greenland, Meddelelser of Grönland 86(1).

The Roman Church in Norse Greenland, editor G F Bigelow, ”The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61(1991) page 142-150 Köpenhamn.]

Dr. Myron Paine has also provided another tantalizing piece of information : 'Charles Earl Funk in the foreword to Sherwin's 'The Viking and the Red Men' (February 1940): "A tribe of 'white Indians,' some with 'fair hair and gray eyes,' said to be still inhabiting the west shore of James Bay and speaking a Cree dialect, has also been advanced as such an indication" of Norse settlement)'

(Sherwin, 1940)

Paine also writes that Old Norse names began appearing in documents when the Hudson's Bay Company arrived in Eastman Land, (the name the Greenland Norse called America) which lay on either side of the Sludd River. Sludd means sleet in Old Norse.
The British changed the name to Eastmain River.
.
Dr. Paine states that there are twenty two rivers which flow into James Bay : Nine of these have distinctively Norse names.
.
Furthermore, Paine cites genetic evidence from researcher Gene Parks, who has found that the Shawnee, (and thus Lenape and at least 23 other tribes) have Norse admixture in their DNA.
.
He continues: 'Over half of the male DNA in Iceland is Haplo groups had R1A & R1B. Greenland [meaning Inuit] still has 58.6% of the males with European DNA, mostly R1A and R1B, making the telling point that any genetic surveys of North American native Americans that reveal European DNA have been, up until the beginning of the 21st century, thrown out because they were presumed to have been contaminated by post Columbus European DNA.'

(frozentrail.org)

Wallace 'discovoured 'a set of genetic markers found only in the Ojibwe and other tribes living near the Great Lakes; the markers are not found in any other native Americans or in Asia'.
"We just don't know how it got there," Wallace says, "but it is clearly related to the European population."
.
"The simple answer would be the DNA arrived with the European colonists, but the strain is different enough from the existing European lineage that it must have left the Old World long before Columbus.”.
.

Research by Elena Borch, et al, states: "High Level of male-based Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-Chromosome analysis, 2003. Borch notes that she could not distinguish between the Y chromosome of the Inuit and the male populations of 17 northern European countries.

(Elena Borch, et al, High Level of male-based Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-Chromosome anaylsis, 2003).

(Regarding the Albans, Welsh researcher Alan Wilson

(Alan Wilson - Cymru Sovereign https://sovereignwales

.com/tag/alan-wilson)

has translated old Welsh sources, claiming that King Arthur 2nd of Britain established a British colony in America in the sixth century:

.

("The popular belief is that Madog ab Owain Gwynedd sailed to North America in 1170 AD.
.
Wilson and Blackett, using DNA profiling and radiocarbon dating on artifacts and human remains found in the U.S. Midwest and Wales, claim that it was a Madog Morfran ap Meurig that first sailed to the continent, even earlier, circa 562-575 AD.
.
Wilson states that an Admiral Gwenon was then sent out to check on Madog’s discoveries before Brenin Arthur ap Meurig (King Arthur II) led the third major fleet migration in 574.")
.
This colony (if it did indeed exist), would have been considered a beacon of refuge for Britons, Picts and Irish escaping persecution by Catholics, (whom had demonstrated an unfortunate habit of burning the clergy of the Irish Church (of St. Columba of Iona) in Britain alive at the stake), the Viking invasions and the later Vatican sanctioned Norman conquest.
.

Early explorers (including Vendrey (? spelling) the first post Columbus European to visit the region) found Mandan Indians, (whom some early colonists claimed spoke pure Welsh), some of whom had blue eyes and yellow hair.
.
(Dr. Myron Paine has also written that he has childhood memories of blue eyed blonde Mandan tribespeople living in North Dakota in the 1930's).
.

The creators of the Carte du Canada map (1708), unknowingly made a map of the region where the migration of the Leni Lenape occurred. Sherwin's massive compilation of linguistic comparisons and Dr. Myron Paine's compelling body of evidence, now reveal the Maarlan Aarum to be the true story of the Leni Lenape.

Dr. Myron Paine states that 90% of the Norse Greenlander's diet was seal meat.
Seals were best hunted on the edge of the ice sheets.
As the weather during the Little Ice Age by the mid fourteenth century was becoming colder. The ice sheets hugging the coasts reached further south, covering Davis Strait.
Each year the hunters would have to journey further and further south for seal meat.
Eventually the only places which remained ice free were the 'open water marvels,' due to the combination of shallow water and strong currents from huge tidal shifts, on the Ungava Peninsula in Canada and in Hudson Straight.
.
Desperate hunters would thus journey there during each winter to provide food for their families.
Dr. Paine states, 'A
 cold climate provided a driving reason for the first trips to get food. As the cold persisted, the possibility of migration became a reality.'

As the Little Ice Age persisted, 'the desperate Norse hunters walked to the open water marvels to get food to take home to their families.

.

As the cold persisted through two generations, the thought of moving the families to the food became compelling.' 

(Dr. Paine).

The migration of the Leni Lenape is one of the great endurance feats of any migration.

It has been called impossible but the Norse were rugged, hardy and desperate.

.

Dr. Paine continues, 'The Frozen Trail was four hundred and fifty five (455) miles from the Northern Settlement to land at Bjarni Island (now called Resolution Island). They had to go another two hundred (200) miles from Bjarni Island to Pamiok on the east coast of Ungava Peninsula.

Good Arctic traveling is about twenty five (25) miles a day, but there is one known case of a man, alone, averaging forty three (43) miles per day."

(Comment: The Norse could have made forty to fifty miles a day by sleeping one third of the people on sleds and pulling through all night and a short day. Using a twenty-five (25) mile/day rate, the trip would have taken less than four (4) weeks. The walk would have been a difficult human endeavor, but achievable).'

(Dr. Myron Paine)

They also knew they had to leave in the middle of winter, when the arctic sun was sitting low on the horizon and providing sunlight for only two hours a day.

This was so the Lenape would have the best chance of arriving in America before the ice began to turn to slush, as spring approached.

The Greenlanders also understood they couldn't leave later and thus expose their women and children to the late winter and early spring mosquito swarms on the Ungava Peninsula, the first mainland landfall on their journey, which would have been fatal for many of them.

 (Dr. MyronPaine)

The choices were to stay in Greenland and risk some of their people dying of starvation by early spring or make a desperate life or death trek across the treacherous pack ice in the middle of a dark Arctic winter to reach America before spring.

.

These hardy, heroic folk were the survivors of the so-called 'lost' Greenland Norse colony.

Thus, the Greenlander descendants of the Vikings, in 1346, on the brink of starvation, abandoned their exhausted, deforested lands and walked in the darkness west, then south and south east, en masse across the frozen expanses, in a quest for survival and a new life in America (Akomen, which means the other side.).

.

The Leni Lenape trekked, pulling whalebone sleds carrying women with babies, toddlers and small children snugly wrapped in furs, with the elderly and whatever portable possessions they had, through the long arctic winter night.
"They journeyed across frozen Davis Straight, then undertook a long haul, pulling sleds by hand across the Ungava Peninsula."

 (frozen trail.org)

They then travelled south down Hudson's Bay, finally arriving at its southern most extremity, at James Bay. They were hungry, dirty, and bitterly cold, some despairing at leaving their homeland, with its snug, turf roofed, stone cottages.
.
"After they left James Bay, they migrated whenever surrounding environmental resources diminished.'" 

(Dr. Myron Paine).

Dr. Myron Paine has charted the progress of the Leni Lemape in their journey into the American interior by matching landmarks, climate, historical incidents and the landscape with descriptions in the Maalan Aarum.

Route of LENAPE Migration

He also traced the line of Lenape place names, which they left along waterways such as the Red River and the Big Sioux Rivers, as the Lenape migration trail reached further and further into the American interior.
.
In the dozen or so years after they had crossed the pack ice to James Bay, up until around 1358, they journeyed over the lands south of Hudson Bay. "Then, by 1362, at Big Stone Lake in (South Dakota) the looked towards the Great Lakes for orientation and commented on "Fish Land" (to the east) for the abundant fishing there."

(frozentrail.org).

A severe drought then set in, followed by hostile tribes heading down the Missouri Valley, so they headed east into southeast Minnesota, on a long trek towards the caves called Niagara and Mystery, where they dwelled until the drought broke.
.

As the rains returned and the land began to replenish, they began a slow migration to the south, along the west bank of the Mississippi, through Iowa and Missouri, to the Missouri River.

.
In about 1445, the Lenape crossed the Mississippi, calling themselves "the Len People."  The French, who found their descendants on the River of the Divine, called them "the Illinois," meaning, in French, "the LEN people."

.

Then they headed east towards Lakes Michigan and Erie. They expanded into Illinois, Indiana and most of Ohio to form the Illinois Confederation.

.
Around 1470, the migrating Lenape separated the southern Lenape (the Shawnee).

.
In the three and a half centuries before the Greenland Lenape migrated, the Shawnee tribes had migrated south reaching, at one point, as far as Mexico.

.
But the Lenape continued east over the Allegheny Mountains, towards the Atlantic coast, as many of the men wanted to bring their families back to the 'big sea,' which they reached by around 1500. 

(Dr. Myron Paine)

Some moved up the Hudson River and renamed themselves the Mahicans (the fish hook people, because the river was drawn lik a fish hook, when the leaders created maps on the sand.)  

.

During over a hundred and fifty years, the Lenape migrated for 4,000 miles and settled lands that extended 1,200 miles along the Atlantic seaboard of the North American coast. 

(Dr Myron Paine)

The region inhabited by the at least 24 tribes descended from the Lenape, reaches, to quote Dr. Myron Paine, "from the Atlantic coast to the purple mountains from Fort Nelson, Manitoba, Canada to Savannah, Georgia."
These regions were the land settled by the Leni Lenape, including the Algonquin (Delaware) tribes 'the Cree, Chippewa (Ojibwe), Ottawa, , Potawatomi, many Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, Abenaki, Micmac, Mohican, Shawnee, Illinois, Blackfoot, Pequot, Cheyenne and others who speak dialects of the Algonquin language.

(Dr. Myron Paine, frozentrail.org)

 Larry Stroud, The Frozen Trail).

.

CALL for ACTION (Dr. Myron Paine)

Thus, Aidon Aakelas has told the story about how  the SHAWNEE and the LENAPE were Catholics, who spoke Norse.

.

They settled most of eastern North America before AD 1500.
.
The Lenape kept a memorized history cued by pictographs.

The many tribes spoke dialects of Old Norse.  But the French guessed wrong by calling the language the "Algonquin" language.  The English promoted the "Algonquin" label because it did not reveal the "Old Norse" origin of the Language.
.

The educated 17th century English knew that when the English invaded, Americans were Catholics, who spoke Norse.
.

The 17th century English made deliberate decisions to call the Americans, "Indians," the language "Algonquin, and to profoundly distort history by using a propaganda method called "suppression by omission."
.

The scheme worked four centuries, because, in the 17th century, the English controlled most of the printing presses, the publishing market, and the training of professors.

.

But, now, you have access to information like the Lost Greenland Viking Colony and the links to more information via LENAPE LAND.
Besides you can invite you and family to look at the links of LENAPE LAND.  Also you can publish to the world with a tap on your mouse.

.

It is your choice. 

.

Do you want to omit the information you have just learned or do you want to tell your family and friends that "When the English  invaded, Americans were Catholics, who spoke Norse?
.
MAKE A GOOD CHOICE!
.
GO TO
LENAPE HISTORY COURSE